Doctor of Philosophy
PhDJoint DegreeOverview
Philosophy addresses fundamental questions and problems. Some are abstract—for instance, what is the nature of truth, justice, value, and knowledge? Others are more concrete and directly applicable to worldly issues—for example, is it morally permissible to use animals for scientific research? What ethical obligations do we have to future generations? Philosophy also examines the efforts of past thinkers to tackle enduring philosophical questions.
While it might seem like an assortment of disciplines, philosophical inquiry has characteristic features, including an emphasis on careful reasoning, the criticism and organization of belief systems, and attention to conceptual clarity and distinctions. The aim of philosophical inquiry is to deepen, clarify, and expand our understanding of human experience and the world.
Students from nearly any discipline can find relevance in philosophy. For instance, in the sciences, philosophy provides a framework for studying the foundations and scope of scientific theories, potentially suggesting directions for future development. Since philosophical ideas have historically influenced human endeavors—artistic, political, economic, and socio-cultural—students in the humanities and social sciences will find their understanding of their subjects enriched by engaging with philosophy.
The Philosophy PhD program is full-time. Doctoral students are expected to maintain a significant presence on campus throughout their studies, ensuring access to advisors, mentors, libraries, and other resources that support timely progress toward completing degree requirements and ongoing professional development.
Requirements
Program Requirements
Courses fulfilling area requirements
Instructors indicate which courses may satisfy particular distribution requirements. If a course potentially satisfies more than one requirement, the student may use it for only one of those area requirements; no units may be double-counted. Students must develop broad competencies in all these areas. Those without strong backgrounds in these areas would typically satisfy these distribution requirements by taking more basic courses rather than highly specialized and focused courses. Students should consult with their advisor in making these course decisions and be prepared to explain them when reviewed for candidacy.
Course Requirements
Requirements during the first six quarters
Two first-year Ph.D. Proseminars, PHIL 300. This is a topically focused seminar offered in autumn and winter quarters and both sessions are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.
Distribution requirements during the first six quarters are intended to ensure a broad and substantial exposure to significant areas of philosophy while allowing for considerable freedom to explore.
Six courses are required, each taken for the maximum unit load for the course, distributed across three areas as follows:
Two courses in value theory, including ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and philosophy of law. At least one of the courses satisfying this distribution requirement must be in ethics or political philosophy.
Two courses in language, mind, and action. One course satisfying this requirement must be drawn from the language-related courses and one from mind and action-related courses.
Two courses in metaphysics and epistemology (including metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of science). At least one of the courses satisfying this requirement must be drawn from either metaphysics or epistemology.
One course in Logic is required, PHIL 250 or equivalent.
Two courses in History are required, one approved course each in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. A third course in History is also required, except if the student opts to take a second logic class, PHIL 251 or equivalent.
Students should usually take at least 64 graduate-level units at Stanford during their first six quarters; in many cases, students would take more. Of those total units, at least 49 units of coursework must be in the Philosophy department. These courses must be numbered above PHIL 110.
Teaching Methods (PHIL 239 Teaching Methods in Philosophy) is not included in these units.
Units of Individual Directed Reading are usually not counted toward this 49-unit requirement unless there is special permission from the student’s advisor and the Director of Graduate Studies.
In the summer quarter of the second year, students are required to attend the Second Year Summer Seminar PHIL 241. The seminar is intended to help students workshop their writing.
Students must take PHIL 239 Teaching Methods in Philosophy during spring quarter of their first year (before they start teaching) and autumn quarter of their second year (once they have started teaching.)
First year proseminar requirement
Two first-year Ph.D. proseminars, PHIL 300, are required. These are topically focused seminars offered in autumn and winter quarters and both are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.
PHIL 300
Proseminar
Logic requirement
One course in logic, PHIL 250 or equivalent.
PHIL 250
Mathematical Logic
History requirement
Two courses in History are required, one approved course each in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. A third course in History is also required, except if the student opts to take a second logic class, PHIL 251 or equivalent.
PHIL 207B
Plato's Later Metaphysics and Epistemology
PHIL 208A
Logic, Language, and Material Text in the Aristotelian Tradition
PHIL 213
Hellenistic Philosophy
PHIL 213A
Porphyry's Introduction to Logic
PHIL 213E
Hellenistic Ethics
PHIL 225
Kant's First Critique
PHIL 227A
Kant's Value Theory
PHIL 228
Kant and German Idealism
PHIL 231
Introduction to Phenomenology
PHIL 234A
Phenomenology: Animals
PHIL 235N
Nietzsche
PHIL 237
Wittgenstein
PHIL 238
Parting of the Ways: Origins of the Analytic/Continental Divide
PHIL 238W
The History of Analytic Philosophy, 1884-1950
PHIL 238Y
The History of Analytic Philosophy: 1950-1970
PHIL 251
Metalogic
PHIL 272
History of Modern Moral Philosophy
PHIL 272B
The History of Early Modern Political Philosophy: Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Locke
PHIL 312
Aristotle's Ethical Psychology
PHIL 313C
Aristotle's Metaphysics
PHIL 317
Topics in Plato and Aristotle
PHIL 317C
Plato's Ethics and Metaethics
Value Theory requirement
Two courses in value theory, including ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and philosophy of law. At least one of the courses satisfying this distribution requirement must be in ethics or political philosophy.
PHIL 171
Justice
PHIL 176A
Classical Seminar: Origins of Political Thought
PHIL 270
Ethical Theory
PHIL 273A
Moral Psychology
PHIL 273C
Topics in Metaethics: Moral Error Theory
PHIL 274
Ethics Beyond Consequences
PHIL 275
Philosophy of Law
PHIL 275W
Philosophy of Law: Protest, Punishment, and Racial Justice
PHIL 276
Political Philosophy: The Social Contract Tradition
PHIL 276W
Law and Philosophy Workshop
PHIL 281C
Linguistic Justice
PHIL 282H
Truth
PHIL 300
Proseminar
PHIL 333
Philosophy, Literature, and the Arts Core Seminar
PHIL 370E
Adventures in Non-Consequentialist Ethics
PHIL 370W
Value and Consequences
PHIL 371A
Relational Morality
PHIL 374D
Contractualism
PHIL 375W
Self-Determination
PHIL 382
Preservation Ethics
Language, Mind and Action requirement
Two courses in language, mind, and action. One course satisfying this requirement must be drawn from the language-related courses and one from mind and action-related courses.
PHIL 231
Introduction to Phenomenology
PHIL 232
Phenomenology: Merleau-Ponty
PHIL 234A
Phenomenology: Animals
PHIL 237
Wittgenstein
PHIL 267D
Philosophy of Neuroscience
PHIL 281A
Philosophy of Language
PHIL 281B
Topics in Philosophy of Language
PHIL 281C
Linguistic Justice
PHIL 286
Philosophy of Mind
PHIL 287
Philosophy of Action
PHIL 287B
Responsibility and the Criminal Law
PHIL 360
Grad Seminar: Explanatory Models in Neuroscience
PHIL 367C
Explanation in Cognitive Science
PHIL 381
PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language
PHIL 381E
PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language
PHIL 382
Preservation Ethics
PHIL 383
Advanced Topics in Epistemology
PHIL 383J
Deflationary Theories of Truth
PHIL 383W
Computation and Consciousness
PHIL 387
Phil of Action Seminar: Human Agency in a Social World: Shared Agency, Social Rules and Institutions
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science requirement
Two courses in metaphysics and epistemology (including metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of science). At least one of the courses satisfying this requirement must be drawn from either metaphysics or epistemology.
PHIL 262
Philosophy of Mathematics
PHIL 265
Philosophy of Physics: Space, Time and Motion
PHIL 267D
Philosophy of Neuroscience
PHIL 267E
Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology
PHIL 273C
Topics in Metaethics: Moral Error Theory
PHIL 280
Metaphysics
PHIL 284
Epistemology
PHIL 288A
Explanation
PHIL 300
Proseminar
PHIL 355
Philosophy of Applied Mathematics
PHIL 365
Seminar in Philosophy of Physics
PHIL 366C
Philosophy of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence
PHIL 367C
Explanation in Cognitive Science
PHIL 383
Advanced Topics in Epistemology
PHIL 383W
Computation and Consciousness
Second-year Writing and Oral Exam Requirement
Part 1:
Second-year students must submit a dossier of two seminar-length papers (approximately 5000-6000 words each). The dossier must be turned in no later than the end of the 5th week of the Spring quarter of the student’s second year. These papers are polished versions of papers that have their origin in classes, seminars, tutorials (independent studies) or the student’s independent research. Each paper should include a bibliography.
Part 2:
An examination committee of three faculty reads both papers. The examination committee is comprised of at most two faculty members who have worked with the student on the dossier papers, and at least one faculty member who serves as an independent examiner (i.e. who has not worked with the student on the dossier papers). The examination committee also conducts an oral examination of the student no later than the 9th week of Spring quarter. The examination will test the student’s understanding and facility with the relevant research on which the dossier papers are based. The committee gives a letter grade on both the papers and the oral examination; both oral and written work should demonstrate that students are capable of working independently and successfully to complete a PhD thesis. A holistic judgment of written work and the oral examination taken together form the basis of the candidacy decision.
Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop
This workshop is mandatory for those who have achieved candidacy in their second year. The workshop will emphasize long-form writing and revision preparatory to work on the thesis. Students will also complete an annotated bibliography on their intended area of dissertation research and a short (5-7 page) statement of their research interests. The annotated bibliography and research statement are due the first day of the Fall quarter of the student's third year.
PHIL 241
Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop, Bibliography, Research Statement
Dissertation Development Proseminar
In Autumn and Winter quarters of the third year, students register for and satisfactorily complete Phil 301. Students meet to present their work in progress and discuss their thesis project. A completed Prospectus should be submitted for a grade no later than the last day of Winter quarter. Participation in these seminars is required.
PHIL 301
Dissertation Development Proseminar
Third and fourth year enrollment requirement
During the third and fourth years in the program, students must complete at least three graduate-level courses/seminars by the end of the fourth year, as professional development. At least two of these courses should be in philosophy and at least two should be completed in the third year. This light load of courses allows students to deepen their philosophical training while keeping time free for thesis research.
Courses used to satisfy this seminar requirement can be taken for only two units and credit/no credit, if offered. Any Philosophy seminar numbered in the 302-399 range can fulfill this seminar requirement.
PHIL 312
Aristotle's Ethical Psychology
PHIL 313C
Aristotle's Metaphysics
PHIL 317
Topics in Plato and Aristotle
PHIL 317C
Plato's Ethics and Metaethics
PHIL 325
Kant's Third Critique
PHIL 352
Advanced Set Theory
PHIL 355
Philosophy of Applied Mathematics
PHIL 359
Logic Spring Seminar
PHIL 365
Seminar in Philosophy of Physics
PHIL 366C
Philosophy of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence
PHIL 367C
Explanation in Cognitive Science
PHIL 370
Grad seminar: Contemporary Political Theory
PHIL 370W
Value and Consequences
PHIL 371A
Relational Morality
PHIL 370E
Adventures in Non-Consequentialist Ethics
PHIL 374D
Contractualism
PHIL 375W
Self-Determination
PHIL 381
PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language
PHIL 383
Advanced Topics in Epistemology
PHIL 383J
Deflationary Theories of Truth
PHIL 383W
Computation and Consciousness
PHIL 387
Phil of Action Seminar: Human Agency in a Social World: Shared Agency, Social Rules and Institutions
Third-year Chapter Oral
By no later than the end of Spring quarter of their third year, students should meet with their entire committee to discuss a chapter-length piece of writing. This discussion is meant to ensure that students have identified a thesis topic and have assembled a suitable thesis committee.
Fourth-Year Colloquium
Students present a research paper in a 60-minute seminar open to the entire department no later than the end of Fall quarter of their fourth year. This paper should be on an aspect of the student’s dissertation research. This is an opportunity for the student to make their work known to the broader department and to explain their ideas to a general philosophical audience.
Fourth-Year: Phil 500
Fourth-year students must enroll in and attend Phil 500 in Fall and Winter. This course is a workshop for thesis writers with weekly presentations of work-in-progress led by a faculty member.
PHIL 500
Advanced Dissertation Seminar
Fourth-Year Progress Review
By the end of Spring quarter, fourth-year students should meet with their entire committee to discuss two chapters of their thesis. The discussion is meant to ensure that students are making good progress on their thesis.
Teaching Requirement
Teaching
Teaching is core to the academic and professional training of doctoral students in our program. All students are required to complete three quarters of teaching by the end of their fourth year in the program regardless of their financial support. Typically, students complete more than the required number of teaching quarters as part of their professional training and financial support.
Students are typically expected to complete at least two additional quarters of teaching beyond the minimum required for the degree to further their pedagogical and professional skills development.
PHIL 239
Teaching Methods in Philosophy
Advancement to Candidacy
Candidacy
Admission to candidacy is a prospective judgement by the faculty of a student’s potential to successfully complete the requirements of the degree program. Students are expected to complete qualifying procedures and apply for candidacy by the end of their second year in the program. Qualifying procedures in the Department of Philosophy include required coursework and passing the Second-year Writing and Oral exam. A holistic judgment of written work and the oral examination taken together form the basis of the candidacy decision.
Oral Exam
Dissertation Defense
In the Philosophy department, the University Oral Exam is a defense of the dissertation presented upon the completion of a substantial portion of the dissertation or upon completion of a pre-final draft. Students consult with their dissertation advisor and reading committee members on the timing of the defense.
PhD students must submit the pre-final draft of the dissertation to the reading committee at least one month before the student expects to defend the thesis in the University Oral Exam. If the student receives consent to go forward, the University Oral Exam can take place approximately two weeks later. A portion of the exam consists of a student presentation based on the dissertation and is open to the public. A closed-question period follows. If the draft is ready by the autumn quarter of the fourth year, the student may request that the University Oral Exam counts as the fourth year colloquium.
Dissertation
Dissertation
Students are required to submit an approved dissertation that makes an original contribution to scholarship in the field of Philosophy.
Subplans
OptionalSubplan: Philosophy and Symbolic Systems
Symbolic Systems Subplan
Students interested in interdisciplinary work relating philosophy to artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, linguistics, or logic may pursue a degree in this program.
Prerequisites
Admitted students should have covered the equivalent of the core of the undergraduate Symbolic Systems Program requirements described in the SYMBO-BS: Symbolic Systems (BS) section of this Bulletin, including courses in artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive science, linguistics, logic, and philosophy. The subplan is designed with this background in mind. Students missing part of this background may need additional coursework. In addition to the required coursework below, the PhD requirements are mostly the same as for the regular program, with the exceptions noted below.
Courses of Study
The program consists of three years of courses and two years of dissertation work. Students are required to take the following philosophy courses in the first two years:
Two first-year Ph.D. proseminars, PHIL 300, are required. These are topically focused seminars offered in autumn and winter quarters and both are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.
Two courses in Language/Mind/Action
Two courses in Metaphysics/Epistemology/Science
Two courses in Value Theory
One course each in Ancient and Modern
Among the eight courses required, students in the program may omit two in any two of the four categories. The two omitted courses may not come from the same category.Two graduate courses in cognitive psychology
Two graduate courses in linguistics
At least one of these courses must significantly engage with experimental literature.64 graduate-level units, 49 of which are units in philosophy, during the first six quarters.
The second year writing and oral exam, which not need not be on topics in symbolic systems, but could be on any philosophical topics.
After the first two years, the requirements are mostly the same as for the standard track:Three graduate-level seminars in the third and fourth year, at least two of which are taught in the Philosophy department, and at least two in the third year. [All can be taken credit/no credit for reduced (2) units, if offered.]
Three advanced seminars in symbolic systems. Double counting: at most, one of these could be a course satisfying one of 1-5; at most, one could be a course satisfying one of 6-9; and at most, one could be a course satisfying 11. At least one must not be counted for any other requirement. (In other words, at most, two of these courses could count toward other requirements.) These may be completed at any time before the fourth year.
Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop in the summer after the second year.
The usual requirements for the dissertation (a proposal, oral, fourth-year talk, etc.).
The dissertation committee must include at least one member of the Department of Philosophy and one member of the Program in Symbolic Systems outside the Department of Philosophy.
Graduate Courses in Computer Science
Complete two graduate courses in computer science, one of which must be either CS 221 - Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques, or a more advanced course in AI.
CS 221
Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques
Teaching Requirement
Same TA requirements as above, and taking PHIL 239 - Teaching Methods in Philosophy.
PHIL 239
Teaching Methods in Philosophy
Subplan: History and Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science Subplan
Graduate students in the Philosophy PhD program may pursue a PhD subplan in History and Philosophy of Science. The subplan is declared in Axess, and subplan designations appear on the official transcript but are not printed on the diploma.
Students must fulfill Departmental degree requirements and the following requirements:
1. HPS Colloquium Series
Students must attend the HPS colloquium series.
2. Philosophy of Science Courses
PHIL 265
Philosophy of Physics: Space, Time and Motion
3. History of Science
Complete one elective seminar in the History of Science.
4. Philosophy of Science Elective
Complete one elective seminar (in addition to the course satisfying requirement 2) in Philosophy of Science.
Subplan: Cognitive Science
Cognitive Science Subplan
Philosophy participates with the Computer Science, Linguistics, and Psychology departments in an interdisciplinary program in Cognitive Science. It is intended to provide a multidisciplinary education, as well as a deeper concentration in philosophy, and is open to doctoral students. Students who complete the requirements within Philosophy and the Cognitive Science requirements receive a special designation in Cognitive Science and a PhD in Philosophy. To receive this field designation, students must complete 30 units of approved courses, 18 of which must be taken in two disciplines outside philosophy. The list of approved courses can be obtained from the Cognitive Science program in the Department of Psychology.

:format(webp))