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Philosophy
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  5. Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy

PhDJoint Degree
  • Philosophy opens in a new tab
Program Minimum Units
135 Units
University Minimum Units
135 Units
Program Length
6 Years
Interests
Writing, Literature & Culture, Ethics, Studying the Past, Religion & Spirituality
Academic Areas
Humanities & Arts, Law and Pre-Law

Overview

Philosophy addresses fundamental questions and problems. Some are abstract—for instance, what is the nature of truth, justice, value, and knowledge? Others are more concrete and directly applicable to worldly issues—for example, is it morally permissible to use animals for scientific research? What ethical obligations do we have to future generations? Philosophy also examines the efforts of past thinkers to tackle enduring philosophical questions.

While it might seem like an assortment of disciplines, philosophical inquiry has characteristic features, including an emphasis on careful reasoning, the criticism and organization of belief systems, and attention to conceptual clarity and distinctions. The aim of philosophical inquiry is to deepen, clarify, and expand our understanding of human experience and the world.

Students from nearly any discipline can find relevance in philosophy. For instance, in the sciences, philosophy provides a framework for studying the foundations and scope of scientific theories, potentially suggesting directions for future development. Since philosophical ideas have historically influenced human endeavors—artistic, political, economic, and socio-cultural—students in the humanities and social sciences will find their understanding of their subjects enriched by engaging with philosophy.

The Philosophy PhD program is full-time. Doctoral students are expected to maintain a significant presence on campus throughout their studies, ensuring access to advisors, mentors, libraries, and other resources that support timely progress toward completing degree requirements and ongoing professional development.

Requirements

Program Requirements

Courses fulfilling area requirements

Instructors indicate which courses may satisfy particular distribution requirements. If a course potentially satisfies more than one requirement, the student may use it for only one of those area requirements; no units may be double-counted. Students must develop broad competencies in all these areas. Those without strong backgrounds in these areas would typically satisfy these distribution requirements by taking more basic courses rather than highly specialized and focused courses. Students should consult with their advisor in making these course decisions and be prepared to explain them when reviewed for candidacy.

Course Requirements

Complete all of the following requirements:
Requirements during the first six quarters

Two first-year Ph.D. Proseminars, PHIL 300. This is a topically focused seminar offered in autumn and winter quarters and both sessions are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.

Distribution requirements during the first six quarters are intended to ensure a broad and substantial exposure to significant areas of philosophy while allowing for considerable freedom to explore.

Six courses are required, each taken for the maximum unit load for the course, distributed across three areas as follows:

  1. Two courses in value theory, including ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and philosophy of law. At least one of the courses satisfying this distribution requirement must be in ethics or political philosophy.

  2. Two courses in language, mind, and action. One course satisfying this requirement must be drawn from the language-related courses and one from mind and action-related courses.

  3. Two courses in metaphysics and epistemology (including metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of science). At least one of the courses satisfying this requirement must be drawn from either metaphysics or epistemology.

One course in Logic is required, PHIL 250 or equivalent.

Two courses in History are required, one approved course each in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. A third course in History is also required, except if the student opts to take a second logic class, PHIL 251 or equivalent.

Students should usually take at least 64 graduate-level units at Stanford during their first six quarters; in many cases, students would take more. Of those total units, at least 49 units of coursework must be in the Philosophy department. These courses must be numbered above PHIL 110.

Teaching Methods (PHIL 239 Teaching Methods in Philosophy) is not included in these units.

Units of Individual Directed Reading are usually not counted toward this 49-unit requirement unless there is special permission from the student’s advisor and the Director of Graduate Studies.

In the summer quarter of the second year, students are required to attend the Second Year Summer Seminar PHIL 241. The seminar is intended to help students workshop their writing.

Students must take PHIL 239 Teaching Methods in Philosophy during spring quarter of their first year (before they start teaching) and autumn quarter of their second year (once they have started teaching.)

Complete all of the following requirements:
First year proseminar requirement

Two first-year Ph.D. proseminars, PHIL 300, are required. These are topically focused seminars offered in autumn and winter quarters and both are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 300

Proseminar

4 Units
and
Logic requirement

One course in logic, PHIL 250 or equivalent.

Complete any of the following course(s):
PHIL 250

Mathematical Logic

4 Units
and
History requirement

Two courses in History are required, one approved course each in Ancient and Modern Philosophy. A third course in History is also required, except if the student opts to take a second logic class, PHIL 251 or equivalent.

Complete at least 3 of the following courses:
PHIL 207B

Plato's Later Metaphysics and Epistemology

4 Units
PHIL 208A

Logic, Language, and Material Text in the Aristotelian Tradition

4 Units
PHIL 213

Hellenistic Philosophy

4 Units
PHIL 213A

Porphyry's Introduction to Logic

4 Units
PHIL 213E

Hellenistic Ethics

4 Units
PHIL 225

Kant's First Critique

4 Units
PHIL 227A

Kant's Value Theory

4 Units
PHIL 228

Kant and German Idealism

4 Units
PHIL 231

Introduction to Phenomenology

4 Units
PHIL 234A

Phenomenology: Animals

4 Units
PHIL 235N

Nietzsche

4 Units
PHIL 237

Wittgenstein

4 Units
PHIL 238

Parting of the Ways: Origins of the Analytic/Continental Divide

4 Units
PHIL 238W

The History of Analytic Philosophy, 1884-1950

4 Units
PHIL 238Y

The History of Analytic Philosophy: 1950-1970

4 Units
PHIL 251

Metalogic

4 Units
PHIL 272

History of Modern Moral Philosophy

4 Units
PHIL 272B

The History of Early Modern Political Philosophy: Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Locke

4 Units
PHIL 312

Aristotle's Ethical Psychology

2-4 Units
PHIL 313C

Aristotle's Metaphysics

2-4 Units
PHIL 317

Topics in Plato and Aristotle

2-4 Units
PHIL 317C

Plato's Ethics and Metaethics

2-4 Units
and
Value Theory requirement

Two courses in value theory, including ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, social philosophy, and philosophy of law. At least one of the courses satisfying this distribution requirement must be in ethics or political philosophy.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 171

Justice

4-5 Units
PHIL 176A

Classical Seminar: Origins of Political Thought

3-5 Units
PHIL 270

Ethical Theory

4 Units
PHIL 273A

Moral Psychology

4 Units
PHIL 273C

Topics in Metaethics: Moral Error Theory

4 Units
PHIL 274

Ethics Beyond Consequences

4 Units
PHIL 275

Philosophy of Law

4 Units
PHIL 275W

Philosophy of Law: Protest, Punishment, and Racial Justice

4 Units
PHIL 276

Political Philosophy: The Social Contract Tradition

4 Units
PHIL 276W

Law and Philosophy Workshop

4 Units
PHIL 281C

Linguistic Justice

4 Units
PHIL 282H

Truth

4 Units
PHIL 300

Proseminar

4 Units
PHIL 333

Philosophy, Literature, and the Arts Core Seminar

3-5 Units
PHIL 370E

Adventures in Non-Consequentialist Ethics

2-4 Units
PHIL 370W

Value and Consequences

2-4 Units
PHIL 371A

Relational Morality

2-4 Units
PHIL 374D

Contractualism

2-4 Units
PHIL 375W

Self-Determination

4 Units
PHIL 382

Preservation Ethics

2-4 Units
and
Language, Mind and Action requirement

Two courses in language, mind, and action. One course satisfying this requirement must be drawn from the language-related courses and one from mind and action-related courses.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 231

Introduction to Phenomenology

4 Units
PHIL 232

Phenomenology: Merleau-Ponty

4 Units
PHIL 234A

Phenomenology: Animals

4 Units
PHIL 237

Wittgenstein

4 Units
PHIL 267D

Philosophy of Neuroscience

4 Units
PHIL 281A

Philosophy of Language

4 Units
PHIL 281B

Topics in Philosophy of Language

4 Units
PHIL 281C

Linguistic Justice

4 Units
PHIL 286

Philosophy of Mind

4 Units
PHIL 287

Philosophy of Action

4 Units
PHIL 287B

Responsibility and the Criminal Law

4 Units
PHIL 360

Grad Seminar: Explanatory Models in Neuroscience

2-4 Units
PHIL 367C

Explanation in Cognitive Science

2-4 Units
PHIL 381

PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language

2-4 Units
PHIL 381E

PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language

2-4 Units
PHIL 382

Preservation Ethics

2-4 Units
PHIL 383

Advanced Topics in Epistemology

2-4 Units
PHIL 383J

Deflationary Theories of Truth

2-4 Units
PHIL 383W

Computation and Consciousness

2-4 Units
PHIL 387

Phil of Action Seminar: Human Agency in a Social World: Shared Agency, Social Rules and Institutions

2-4 Units
and
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science requirement

Two courses in metaphysics and epistemology (including metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of science). At least one of the courses satisfying this requirement must be drawn from either metaphysics or epistemology.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 262

Philosophy of Mathematics

4 Units
PHIL 265

Philosophy of Physics: Space, Time and Motion

4 Units
PHIL 267D

Philosophy of Neuroscience

4 Units
PHIL 267E

Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology

4 Units
PHIL 273C

Topics in Metaethics: Moral Error Theory

4 Units
PHIL 280

Metaphysics

4 Units
PHIL 284

Epistemology

4 Units
PHIL 288A

Explanation

4 Units
PHIL 300

Proseminar

4 Units
PHIL 355

Philosophy of Applied Mathematics

2-4 Units
PHIL 365

Seminar in Philosophy of Physics

2-4 Units
PHIL 366C

Philosophy of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence

2-4 Units
PHIL 367C

Explanation in Cognitive Science

2-4 Units
PHIL 383

Advanced Topics in Epistemology

2-4 Units
PHIL 383W

Computation and Consciousness

2-4 Units

Second-year Writing and Oral Exam Requirement

Part 1:

Second-year students must submit a dossier of two seminar-length papers (approximately 5000-6000 words each). The dossier must be turned in no later than the end of the 5th week of the Spring quarter of the student’s second year. These papers are polished versions of papers that have their origin in classes, seminars, tutorials (independent studies) or the student’s independent research. Each paper should include a bibliography.

Part 2:

An examination committee of three faculty reads both papers. The examination committee is comprised of at most two faculty members who have worked with the student on the dossier papers, and at least one faculty member who serves as an independent examiner (i.e. who has not worked with the student on the dossier papers). The examination committee also conducts an oral examination of the student no later than the 9th week of Spring quarter. The examination will test the student’s understanding and facility with the relevant research on which the dossier papers are based. The committee gives a letter grade on both the papers and the oral examination; both oral and written work should demonstrate that students are capable of working independently and successfully to complete a PhD thesis. A holistic judgment of written work and the oral examination taken together form the basis of the candidacy decision.

Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop

This workshop is mandatory for those who have achieved candidacy in their second year. The workshop will emphasize long-form writing and revision preparatory to work on the thesis. Students will also complete an annotated bibliography on their intended area of dissertation research and a short (5-7 page) statement of their research interests. The annotated bibliography and research statement are due the first day of the Fall quarter of the student's third year.

Complete all of the following course(s):
PHIL 241

Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop, Bibliography, Research Statement

1 Units

Dissertation Development Proseminar

In Autumn and Winter quarters of the third year, students register for and satisfactorily complete Phil 301. Students meet to present their work in progress and discuss their thesis project. A completed Prospectus should be submitted for a grade no later than the last day of Winter quarter. Participation in these seminars is required.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 301

Dissertation Development Proseminar

2-4 Units

Third and fourth year enrollment requirement

During the third and fourth years in the program, students must complete at least three graduate-level courses/seminars by the end of the fourth year, as professional development. At least two of these courses should be in philosophy and at least two should be completed in the third year. This light load of courses allows students to deepen their philosophical training while keeping time free for thesis research.

Courses used to satisfy this seminar requirement can be taken for only two units and credit/no credit, if offered. Any Philosophy seminar numbered in the 302-399 range can fulfill this seminar requirement.

Complete at least 3 of the following courses:
PHIL 312

Aristotle's Ethical Psychology

2-4 Units
PHIL 313C

Aristotle's Metaphysics

2-4 Units
PHIL 317

Topics in Plato and Aristotle

2-4 Units
PHIL 317C

Plato's Ethics and Metaethics

2-4 Units
PHIL 325

Kant's Third Critique

2-4 Units
PHIL 352

Advanced Set Theory

2-4 Units
PHIL 355

Philosophy of Applied Mathematics

2-4 Units
PHIL 359

Logic Spring Seminar

2-4 Units
PHIL 365

Seminar in Philosophy of Physics

2-4 Units
PHIL 366C

Philosophy of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence

2-4 Units
PHIL 367C

Explanation in Cognitive Science

2-4 Units
PHIL 370

Grad seminar: Contemporary Political Theory

4 Units
PHIL 370W

Value and Consequences

2-4 Units
PHIL 371A

Relational Morality

2-4 Units
PHIL 370E

Adventures in Non-Consequentialist Ethics

2-4 Units
PHIL 374D

Contractualism

2-4 Units
PHIL 375W

Self-Determination

4 Units
PHIL 381

PhD Seminar: Topics in the Philosophy of Language

2-4 Units
PHIL 383

Advanced Topics in Epistemology

2-4 Units
PHIL 383J

Deflationary Theories of Truth

2-4 Units
PHIL 383W

Computation and Consciousness

2-4 Units
PHIL 387

Phil of Action Seminar: Human Agency in a Social World: Shared Agency, Social Rules and Institutions

2-4 Units

Third-year Chapter Oral

By no later than the end of Spring quarter of their third year, students should meet with their entire committee to discuss a chapter-length piece of writing. This discussion is meant to ensure that students have identified a thesis topic and have assembled a suitable thesis committee.

Fourth-Year Colloquium

Students present a research paper in a 60-minute seminar open to the entire department no later than the end of Fall quarter of their fourth year. This paper should be on an aspect of the student’s dissertation research. This is an opportunity for the student to make their work known to the broader department and to explain their ideas to a general philosophical audience.

Fourth-Year: Phil 500

Fourth-year students must enroll in and attend Phil 500 in Fall and Winter. This course is a workshop for thesis writers with weekly presentations of work-in-progress led by a faculty member.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 500

Advanced Dissertation Seminar

1 Units

Fourth-Year Progress Review

By the end of Spring quarter, fourth-year students should meet with their entire committee to discuss two chapters of their thesis. The discussion is meant to ensure that students are making good progress on their thesis.

Teaching Requirement

Teaching

  • Teaching is core to the academic and professional training of doctoral students in our program. All students are required to complete three quarters of teaching by the end of their fourth year in the program regardless of their financial support. Typically, students complete more than the required number of teaching quarters as part of their professional training and financial support.

  • Students are typically expected to complete at least two additional quarters of teaching beyond the minimum required for the degree to further their pedagogical and professional skills development.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 239

Teaching Methods in Philosophy

1-4 Units

Advancement to Candidacy

Candidacy

Admission to candidacy is a prospective judgement by the faculty of a student’s potential to successfully complete the requirements of the degree program. Students are expected to complete qualifying procedures and apply for candidacy by the end of their second year in the program. Qualifying procedures in the Department of Philosophy include required coursework and passing the Second-year Writing and Oral exam. A holistic judgment of written work and the oral examination taken together form the basis of the candidacy decision.

Oral Exam

Dissertation Defense

In the Philosophy department, the University Oral Exam is a defense of the dissertation presented upon the completion of a substantial portion of the dissertation or upon completion of a pre-final draft. Students consult with their dissertation advisor and reading committee members on the timing of the defense.

PhD students must submit the pre-final draft of the dissertation to the reading committee at least one month before the student expects to defend the thesis in the University Oral Exam. If the student receives consent to go forward, the University Oral Exam can take place approximately two weeks later. A portion of the exam consists of a student presentation based on the dissertation and is open to the public. A closed-question period follows. If the draft is ready by the autumn quarter of the fourth year, the student may request that the University Oral Exam counts as the fourth year colloquium.

Dissertation

Dissertation

Students are required to submit an approved dissertation that makes an original contribution to scholarship in the field of Philosophy.

Subplans

Optional
Students have the option to complete a subplan as part of this program. A subplan is an officially declared and defined set of requirements that allows students to go deeper into a discipline or focus within a program.

Subplan: Philosophy and Symbolic Systems

Symbolic Systems Subplan

Students interested in interdisciplinary work relating philosophy to artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, linguistics, or logic may pursue a degree in this program.

Prerequisites

Admitted students should have covered the equivalent of the core of the undergraduate Symbolic Systems Program requirements described in the SYMBO-BS: Symbolic Systems (BS) section of this Bulletin, including courses in artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive science, linguistics, logic, and philosophy. The subplan is designed with this background in mind. Students missing part of this background may need additional coursework. In addition to the required coursework below, the PhD requirements are mostly the same as for the regular program, with the exceptions noted below.

Courses of Study

The program consists of three years of courses and two years of dissertation work. Students are required to take the following philosophy courses in the first two years:

  •  Two first-year Ph.D. proseminars, PHIL 300, are required. These are topically focused seminars offered in autumn and winter quarters and both are required of all first-year students. The topics are: Language, Epistemology, Mind, Metaphysics (LEMM); and Value Theory.

  • Two courses in Language/Mind/Action

  • Two courses in Metaphysics/Epistemology/Science

  • Two courses in Value Theory

  • One course each in Ancient and Modern
    Among the eight courses required, students in the program may omit two in any two of the four categories. The two omitted courses may not come from the same category.

  • Two graduate courses in cognitive psychology

  • Two graduate courses in linguistics
    At least one of these courses must significantly engage with experimental literature.

  • 64 graduate-level units, 49 of which are units in philosophy, during the first six quarters.

  • The second year writing and oral exam, which not need not be on topics in symbolic systems, but could be on any philosophical topics.
    After the first two years, the requirements are mostly the same as for the standard track:

  • Three graduate-level seminars in the third and fourth year, at least two of which are taught in the Philosophy department, and at least two in the third year. [All can be taken credit/no credit for reduced (2) units, if offered.]

  • Three advanced seminars in symbolic systems. Double counting: at most, one of these could be a course satisfying one of 1-5; at most, one could be a course satisfying one of 6-9; and at most, one could be a course satisfying 11. At least one must not be counted for any other requirement. (In other words, at most, two of these courses could count toward other requirements.) These may be completed at any time before the fourth year.

  • Second Year Summer Writer's Workshop in the summer after the second year.

  • The usual requirements for the dissertation (a proposal, oral, fourth-year talk, etc.).

  • The dissertation committee must include at least one member of the Department of Philosophy and one member of the Program in Symbolic Systems outside the Department of Philosophy.

Complete all of the following requirements:
Logic

One advanced course in logic, at the level of Phil 151 or higher.

Complete at least 1 of the following courses:
PHIL 151

Metalogic

4 Units
PHIL 152

Computability and Logic

4 Units
PHIL 154

Modal Logic

4 Units
PHIL 155

Topics in Mathematical Logic: Non-Classical Logic

4 Units
PHIL 157

Decision Theory

4 Units
and
Graduate Courses in Computer Science

Complete two graduate courses in computer science, one of which must be either CS 221 - Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques, or a more advanced course in AI.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
CS 221

Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques

3-4 Units
and
Teaching Requirement

Same TA requirements as above, and taking PHIL 239 - Teaching Methods in Philosophy.

Complete at least 2 of the following courses:
PHIL 239

Teaching Methods in Philosophy

1-4 Units

Subplan: History and Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of Science Subplan

Graduate students in the Philosophy PhD program may pursue a PhD subplan in History and Philosophy of Science. The subplan is declared in Axess, and subplan designations appear on the official transcript but are not printed on the diploma.


Students must fulfill Departmental degree requirements and the following requirements:

1. HPS Colloquium Series

Students must attend the HPS colloquium series.

2. Philosophy of Science Courses

Complete at least 1 of the following courses:
PHIL 265

Philosophy of Physics: Space, Time and Motion

4 Units

3. History of Science

Complete one elective seminar in the History of Science.

4. Philosophy of Science Elective

Complete one elective seminar (in addition to the course satisfying requirement 2) in Philosophy of Science.

Subplan: Cognitive Science

Cognitive Science Subplan

Philosophy participates with the Computer Science, Linguistics, and Psychology departments in an interdisciplinary program in Cognitive Science. It is intended to provide a multidisciplinary education, as well as a deeper concentration in philosophy, and is open to doctoral students. Students who complete the requirements within Philosophy and the Cognitive Science requirements receive a special designation in Cognitive Science and a PhD in Philosophy. To receive this field designation, students must complete 30 units of approved courses, 18 of which must be taken in two disciplines outside philosophy. The list of approved courses can be obtained from the Cognitive Science program in the Department of Psychology.