Major: Bachelor of Arts
MajorOverview
The Philosophy and Religious Studies major is a unique opportunity to be trained in both philosophy and religious studies. This training enables students to engage with a range of fascinating issues that lie at the intersection of philosophy and religious studies.
The undergraduate program in Philosophy aims to train students to think clearly and critically about the deepest and broadest questions concerning the fundamental structure of reality and our place in it including how we should act in our lives. With philosophy you gain the tools needed to make arguments and exercise sound judgment about the most fundamental concerns of human life. The program introduces students to the best contemporary theories, and their historical roots, across philosophy including metaphysics and the philosophy of science (the study of the fundamental structure of reality), epistemology (theories of how we know about the world), ethics and political philosophy (how we should act and how society should be organized), and logic (what is correct reasoning). Courses in the major equip students with core skills in critical reading, analytical thinking, sound argumentation, and the clear, well-organized expression of ideas.
Philosophy is an excellent major for those planning a career in law, medicine, business, or the non-profit sector. It provides analytical skills and a breadth of perspective helpful to those called upon to make decisions about their conduct and the welfare of others. Philosophy majors have an excellent admission record to professional and graduate schools.
Undergraduate courses in Religious Studies are designed to engage students existentially and assist them in thinking about intellectual, ethical, and sociopolitical issues in the world’s religions. The department’s faculty seek to provide tools for understanding the complex encounters among religious ideas, practices, and communities, and the past and present cultures that have shaped and been shaped by religion. Courses, therefore, expose students to leading concepts in the field of religious studies such as god(s), sacrifice, ritual, scripture, prophecy, and priesthood; approaches developed over the past century, including the anthropological, historical, psychological, philosophical, and phenomenological, that open religion to closer inspection and analysis; and essential questions, themes, developments, features, and figures in the world’s religious traditions. The department encourages and supports the acquisition of languages needed for engagement with sacred texts and interpretive traditions, as well as study abroad at Stanford’s overseas centers where religions can be observed and experienced in their contemporary contexts.
Requirements
Core Program Requirements
Philosophy Core Requirements
Introductory Philosophy Course
PHIL 1
Introduction to Philosophy
PHIL 2
Introduction to Moral Philosophy
PHIL 3N
Randomness: Computational and Philosophical Approaches
PHIL 7N
Philosophy and Science Fiction
PHIL 8N
Free Will and Responsibility
PHIL 11N
Skepticism
PHIL 12N
Animal Cognition
PHIL 13
Humanities Core: Great Books, Big Ideas -- Europe, Modern
PHIL 13N
Justice across Borders
PHIL 14N
Why Games Matter: The Philosophy of Play
PHIL 15N
Thinking About Death
PHIL 16N
External World Skepticism
PHIL 20N
Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
PHIL 22Q
Being Reasonable
PHIL 24E
The Male Gaze in Cinema: Perspectives from Feminist Philosophy
PHIL 24F
Tutorial: Free Will
PHIL 24H
Tutorial: Philosophy of Large Language Models
PHIL 24K
GRAD TUTORIAL: Principle of Sufficient Reason
PHIL 24L
Tutorial: Theories of Consciousness in Early Modern Philosophy
PHIL 24M
Grad Tutorial: Abstraction
PHIL 24R
Grad Tutorial: Plato on Punishment
PHIL 24S
Free Will & Moral Responsibility
PHIL 24T
Grad Tutorial: Reading Marx's "Capital"
PHIL 24Y
Grad Tutorial
PHIL 26S
Other People's Minds
PHIL 27S
How to Make a Decision: Ancient Greek Philosophers on Practical Rationality
PHIL 28S
Introduction to the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence
PHIL 29S
Feminist Philosophy
PHIL 30
Democracy and Disagreement
PHIL 30S
Introduction to Political Philosophy
PHIL 34S
What makes us Human
PHIL 35S
Plato and Punishment
PHIL 36
Dangerous Ideas
PHIL 36S
Equality: For and Against
PHIL 37S
Self, Freedom and Morality
PHIL 41S
What Would Change Your Mind? Evidence and Disagreement in Everyday Life
PHIL 49
Survey of Formal Methods
PHIL 50S
Introduction to Formal Methods in Contemporary Philosophy
PHIL 60
Introduction to Philosophy of Science
PHIL 60S
Introduction to Philosophy of Science
PHIL 72
Contemporary Moral Problems
PHIL 74A
Ethics in a Human Life
PHIL 75C
Computers, Ethics, and Public Policy
PHIL 80
Mind, Matter, and Meaning
PHIL 81
Philosophy and Literature
PHIL 82
Ethics, Public Policy, and Technological Change
PHIL 86
How to Make a Moral Agent
PHIL 99
Minds and Machines
Religious Studies Core Requirement
RELIGST 1
Religion Around the Globe
RELIGST 2
Is Stanford a Religion?
RELIGST 3
The Religious Life of Things
RELIGST 4
What Didn't Make the Bible
RELIGST 6N
Religion in Anime and Manga
RELIGST 8N
Gardens and Sacred Space in Japan
RELIGST 10N
The Good Death
RELIGST 12N
Perspectives on the Good Life
RELIGST 16N
Stop the Steal: January 6 as a case study into American Religion and Politics
RELIGST 17N
Meditation and Arts in Zen Buddhism
RELIGST 18N
What is Called Living?
RELIGST 19Q
Does Religion Divide Us? Legal, Political, and Cultural Perspectives from Across the World
RELIGST 21X
Dangerous Ideas
RELIGST 23S
The Devil Through the Ages
RELIGST 23X
Democracy and Disagreement
RELIGST 24S
Witches, Witchcraft, and Witch-Hunting in Early America
RELIGST 31X
Crisis and Community in the Jewish Tradition
RELIGST 35X
Introduction to African American Studies: Black Religion, Culture, and Experience to the Civil War
RELIGST 36X
Dangerous Ideas
RELIGST 41
Just Religion: Spirituality, Social Action, and the Climate Crisis
RELIGST 50
Exploring Buddhism: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Challenges?
RELIGST 53
Exploring Jewish Spirituality
RELIGST 53X
Sustainability and Civilization
RELIGST 55
Exploring Zen Buddhism
RELIGST 56
Exploring Chinese Religions
RELIGST 61
Exploring Islam
RELIGST 62
Exploring Islamic Mysticism
RELIGST 86
Exploring the New Testament
Must be taken for a letter grade.
Breadth in Discipline
Breadth in Philosophy
Logic and Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science
PHIL 160
Philosophy of Science
PHIL 161C
What Makes a Good Explanation? Philosophical, Psychological and Computational Perspectives
PHIL 162
Philosophy of Mathematics
PHIL 164
Scientific Realism, Perspectivism, and Antirealism
PHIL 165
Philosophy of Physics: Space, Time and Motion
PHIL 167D
Philosophy of Neuroscience
PHIL 167E
Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology
PHIL 168R
Philosophy of Biology
Contemporary Theoretical Philosophy
PHIL 180
Metaphysics
PHIL 181
Philosophy of Language
PHIL 181A
Philosophy of Language
PHIL 181B
Topics in Philosophy of Language
PHIL 181C
Linguistic Justice
PHIL 181E
External World Skepticism
PHIL 182D
Ethical Anti-theory
PHIL 182H
Truth
PHIL 182J
Theories of Consciousness
PHIL 184
Epistemology
PHIL 184B
Formal Epistemology
PHIL 184D
Collective Epistemology and Shared Inquiry
PHIL 184P
Philosophy of Probability
PHIL 185J
The Philosophy and Science of Perception
PHIL 186
Philosophy of Mind
PHIL 187
Philosophy of Action
PHIL 187B
Responsibility and the Criminal Law
PHIL 188A
Explanation
PHIL 188B
Undergrad Seminar: Striving and the Nature of Belief
PHIL 189
Reduction and Grounding
Moral and Political Philosophy
Intro to Moral Philosophy
PHIL 2
Introduction to Moral Philosophy
Other Moral Philosophy Courses
PHIL 170
Ethical Theory
PHIL 170B
Metaphor
PHIL 171
Justice
PHIL 171P
Liberalism and its Critics
PHIL 172
History of Modern Moral Philosophy
PHIL 172B
The History of Early Modern Political Philosophy: Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Locke
PHIL 173
The Birth of Modern Moral Philosophy
PHIL 173A
Moral Psychology
PHIL 173B
Undergraduate Introduction to Metaethics
PHIL 174
Ethics Beyond Consequences
PHIL 174L
Justice Across Borders
PHIL 175
Philosophy of Law
PHIL 175A
Ethics and Politics of Public Service
PHIL 175W
Philosophy of Law: Protest, Punishment, and Racial Justice
All courses must be completed for a minimum of 3 units and completed with a grade of C- or higher.
Breadth in Religious Studies
Building Expertise
Two courses from RELIGST 100-289 in religious thought, broadly construed, chosen in consultation with, and approved by, the Religious Studies Director of Undergraduate Studies.
RELIGST 103
Buddhism and Medicine
RELIGST 105
The Art of Exorcisms
RELIGST 108
The Lost Scriptures
RELIGST 108X
Environmental Wayfinding: Cultural, Artistic, and Spiritual Approaches to Life on a Changing Planet
RELIGST 109
Alternative Ontologies: Religion in the Pluriverse
RELIGST 110
Religion and the Politics of Nature
RELIGST 115
Interfaith Peacebuilding and Global Justice
RELIGST 115X
Europe in the Middle Ages, 300-1500
RELIGST 116
Buddhist Philosophy
RELIGST 116X
The Hebrew Bible: Readings in religion and culture
RELIGST 118X
Ghosts, Gods, Spirits, and Companion AI: Talking with Non-Human Others Across the World
RELIGST 119
Religion, Conflict, and Peace
RELIGST 119X
Global History of Psychedelics: From the Stone Age to Silicon Valley
RELIGST 120
Magic, Marvel, and Sinners: Exploring Religion in Popular Culture
RELIGST 122
Theological Reading Group
RELIGST 122X
The Bible With and Without Jesus: How Jews and Christians Read the Same Texts
RELIGST 123
The Hindu Epics and the Ethics of Dharma
RELIGST 124
The Bhagavad Gita: The Many Lives of a Text
RELIGST 129
Milk and Honey, Wine and Blood: Food, Justice, and Ethnic Identity in Jewish Culture
RELIGST 130
Culture Wars: US Religion and Politics Since 1920
RELIGST 135
Contemporary Islam & Muslims in the United States
RELIGST 136
Christian Faith in Dark Times: The Political Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr
RELIGST 137
The History of Yoga: Yoga's Roots, Philosophy, and Practice
RELIGST 138
Indian Philosophies
RELIGST 141
Between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, JR.: Race, Religion, and the Politics of Freedom
RELIGST 141X
Ancient Greek Religion
RELIGST 142
Life Worth Living
RELIGST 144
John Calvin and Christian Faith
RELIGST 145
The Gothic and the Supernatural
RELIGST 146
Religion, Place, and Power
RELIGST 147
Building Heaven and Hell
RELIGST 149
Finding Utopia: New Religious Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries
RELIGST 150
Texts that Changed the World from the Ancient Middle East
RELIGST 151
Mantras, Meditations, and Spiritual Bodies: Healing in Tantric Traditions
RELIGST 153
Buddhist Tantra
RELIGST 155
What Makes a "Cult?" Studying Religion on the Margins
RELIGST 156
The Age of Apocalypse
RELIGST 156X
Sounds of Islam
RELIGST 158
Spiritualism and the Occult
RELIGST 163
Ghosts, Ghouls, and Demons: Religion and the Supernatural
RELIGST 167
Reading the Quran
RELIGST 168
Philosophy of Religion: An Historical Introduction
RELIGST 170D
Readings in Talmudic Literature
RELIGST 171
Gender(s) and Sexuality in Jewish Culture
RELIGST 171A
Biblical Greek
RELIGST 173X
Latin 400-1700 CE
RELIGST 174
Religious Existentialism
RELIGST 176X
That Mortal God: Deifying the Political in Early Modern Politics
RELIGST 192
Practical Training and Internship
RELIGST 196
Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project
RELIGST 199
Individual Work for Undergraduates
RELIGST 202
Indian Religious History Through its Material Culture and Iconography
RELIGST 203A
South Asian Islam
RELIGST 205
Silk Road Transformation of Buddhism
RELIGST 205A
Rituals in Asian Religions
RELIGST 205X
How to Think About Antisemitism
RELIGST 206
Thinking Theory Theologically
RELIGST 207
On the Concept of Islamic History
RELIGST 208
Women of the Movement
RELIGST 210
Translating Religion
RELIGST 210X
Doing Religious History
RELIGST 215
Death, Power, and Religion
RELIGST 217A
The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Buddhism
RELIGST 217B
Music and Sound in Buddhism
RELIGST 218X
The Holy Dead: Saints and Spiritual Power in Medieval Europe
RELIGST 220
Political Theology
RELIGST 223
Advanced Readings in Jewish Mysticism
RELIGST 224
Ritual and the Senses in Asian Religions
RELIGST 227
Political Theology Revisited
RELIGST 228
The Earliest Christians
RELIGST 231
European Reformations, 1500-1650
RELIGST 231X
Learning Religion: How People Acquire Religious Commitments
RELIGST 232
Buddhist Meditation: Ancient and Modern
RELIGST 233
Comparative Mysticism
RELIGST 234
Islam and Material Culture
RELIGST 234X
Church, State, & Schools: Issues in Education & Religion
RELIGST 235
Sacred Space
RELIGST 235X
The Trial of Galileo: Science, Politics, and Religion
RELIGST 239
Philosophy of/in Religious Studies
RELIGST 241
Black Religion in America
RELIGST 242
Chinese Buddhism
RELIGST 243
Early Christianity in the Middle East
RELIGST 246
Constructing Race and Religion in America
RELIGST 247
Chinese Buddhist Texts
RELIGST 250
Readings in Tibetan Literature
RELIGST 252
Hearts and Diamonds: The Lives of Buddhist Sacred Texts
RELIGST 255
Perspectives on Caste and Religion in South Asia
RELIGST 257
Women in Japanese Buddhism
RELIGST 257X
Female Divinities in China
RELIGST 261
What Does It Mean to be Secular?
RELIGST 262
Sex and the Early Church
RELIGST 263
The Religions and Cultures of Enslaved People in America
RELIGST 264
Hindu Tantra
RELIGST 266
Islam, the Uncanny
RELIGST 266A
Religion and the Civil Rights Movement: Race, Faith, and Kinship
RELIGST 267A
Reading Islamic Texts
RELIGST 273
Alexander and Asoka: Empire-building, Myth-making and Memory
RELIGST 274
Buddhism and the Arts
RELIGST 275
Devotional Religions in South Asia
RELIGST 276
Visions, Dreams, and Meditations in Buddhism
RELIGST 277
Hindu-Muslim Encounters in South Asia
RELIGST 280
Reconstructing Religion: Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Beginnings of Modern Christian Theology
RELIGST 281
Asian Religions in America; Asian American Religions
RELIGST 289X
Desire, Violence, and the Sacred: Introduction to Rene Girard's Theory
Religious Studies Majors' Seminar: Theories of Religion
RELIGST 290
Majors' Seminar: Theories of Religion
No courses may be taken satisfactory/no credit or credit/no credit.
Depth in Discipline
Depth in Philosophy
All courses must be completed for a minimum of 3 units and completed with a grade of C- or higher.
Depth in Religious Studies
Students should ensure that their total complement of RELIGST courses is not focussed on a single religious tradition.
No more than 5 of these additional units in either department may come from courses numbered below PHIL/RELIGST 100.
Writing in the Major (WIM)
Writing in the Major (WIM)
The Writing in the Major (WIM) course for Philosophy, PHIL 80: "Mind, Matter, and Meaning", should be taken as soon as possible after the first introductory course in philosophy since it prepares students for the more advanced philosophy courses required for achieving breadth in the discipline.
PHIL 80
Mind, Matter, and Meaning
RELIGST 290
Majors' Seminar: Theories of Religion
Must be completed with a grade of C- or higher.
Capstone
The capstone experience aims to foster the integration of capacities, knowledge, and skills acquired in the student’s coursework for the major and to provide students with an opportunity to synthesize their undergraduate educational careers and to demonstrate their capacity for independent and creative philosophical work.
Combined majors fulfill this requirement by completing the capstone requirement for either the BA in Philosophy or the BA in Religious Studies. Students should discuss this choice with their advisor during their junior year and consult the capstone requirements for Philosophy and Religious Studies majors, respectively.
Philosophy Capstone
PHIL 194A
Capstone seminar: Imagination in Fiction and Philosophy
PHIL 194B
Capstone Seminar: Montaigne
PHIL 194C
Capstone Seminar: Consciousness and Acquaintance
PHIL 194D
Capstone Seminar: How Virtual is Reality, and Vice Versa
PHIL 194E
Capstone Seminar: When Bad People Create Beautiful Things
PHIL 194F
Capstone seminar: Beauty and Other Forms of Value
PHIL 194G
Capstone Seminar: Visual Representation and Visual Narrative
PHIL 194H
Capstone Seminar: What is Explanation?
PHIL 194J
Capstone Seminar: Other Minds
PHIL 194K
Capstone Seminar: The Metaphysics of Consciousness
PHIL 194P
Capstone Seminar: The Meaning of Life
PHIL 194T
Capstone Seminar: Practical Reason
PHIL 194W
Capstone Seminar: Imagination in Fiction and Philosophy
PHIL 194Y
Capstone seminar: Metaphilosophy
Religious Studies Capstone
The capstone requirement in Religious Studies is fulfilled by writing either a senior essay or an honors thesis, which allows students to pursue independent research on a topic of interest under the direction of a Religious Studies faculty member. Two required courses support the successful completion of this senior project. For further information on the capstone, see the Religious Studies website and contact the department’s Student Services Officer.
Senior Essay/Honors Thesis Research
RELIGST 297
Senior Essay/Honors Thesis Research
Senior Essay: five units, winter quarter, graded N until submission.
Honors Thesis: five to ten units, spread over autumn and winter quarters, graded N until submission.
Senior Colloquium
RELIGST 298
Senior Colloquium
Spring quarter only; grading option S/NC
Honors
OptionalHonors
Philosophy Honors Program
Apply for Honors Program
Courses
PHIL 199
Seminar for Prospective Honors Students
To be taken Spring Quarter of Junior year.
Honors Tutorial
PHIL 196
Honors Tutorial, Senior Year
To be taken Autumn and/or Winter quarter of Senior year.
Submit Honors Thesis
A completed essay draft is submitted to the advisor at the end of Winter quarter of Senior year. Any further revisions must be finished by the fifth whole week of Spring quarter, when three copies of the essay are to be given to the Philosophy and Religious Studies Undergraduate Student Services Officer. The honors thesis is graded by the advisor together with a second reader chosen by the advisor in consultation with the student. The student must also pass an oral thesis defense at a meeting with the advisor and second reader. The essay must receive a grade of A- or better for the student to receive honors.
Religious Studies Honors
Students applying to fulfill their capstone by writing an Honors Thesis in Religious Studies must begin developing their topic and preparing their application no later than spring quarter of the junior year. The Honors Thesis is a 40-80 page research paper, supported by a mastery of primary and secondary scholarship, that advances a well-reasoned, supportable thesis.
Applicants for honors must have a grade point average (GPA) of 3.5 in Religious Studies courses, and at least 3.2 overall, at the time of application in May of junior year. They must also already have demonstrated success in writing research papers. Students meeting these prerequisites are strongly encouraged to enroll in units of RELIGST 199 with a potential thesis advisor (who must be a regular member of the Religious Studies faculty) during spring quarter of the junior year to develop the proposal and gather other materials for the application, which is due on May 31. Students interested in projects involving the use of living human subjects must have completed approved coursework in qualitative research methods by the end of spring quarter and obtain IRB approval for their projects, if needed, before engaging in this research.
Students whose applications to write an Honors Thesis have been approved enroll in 3-5 units of RELIGST 297 in autumn and winter of the senior year. They meet with their thesis advisor weekly in autumn and weekly or bi-weekly in winter quarter as they research and draft. A complete rough draft of the paper is due on the first day of spring quarter. Revisions are undertaken in the Senior Colloquium (RELIGST 298), the required capstone course taken in the spring quarter. Honors Theses are due the second Wednesday in May. The Honors Thesis is read and graded by the student’s thesis advisor and another member of the Religious Studies faculty assigned by the DUS. Theses earning a grade of ‘B+’ or above receive honors.
For further information, contact the DUS or the faculty director of senior capstone research for Religious Studies.

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